Certain drugs are taken orally for their local effects within the bowel e.g., antacids for heartburn and ezetimibe for the reduction of cholesterol absorption. Oral Route It is the most common and acceptable route for drug administration. The drug is inhaled through the mouth and delivered into the lungs. Enteral Route: Drug administration by mouth and tube feeding using nasogastric, gastrostomy, and jejunostomy tubes. When administering a drug, the nurse should ensure that the pharmaceutical preparation is appropriate for the route specified. syrups, elixirs, suspensions, Generally safe route of drug administration, Drug absorption may vary. Defining interactions 55 11. When a patient must be administered a drug in a medical setting, how does this occur? Pills or tablets can be ingested orally. Read more on Topical Route of Drug Administration: Advantages and Disadvantages. Another kind of route of drug administration is known as transdermal, or through the skin. There are _____ potential routes of drug administration. When you take drugs by mouth and drug is absorbed from the GI tract. The oral route of administration is the safest, most economical and the most convenient way of … For example, food in the gastrointestinal tract may alter the gut pH, gastric motility and emptying time, as well as the rate and extent of drug absorptio… 10. (v) Application of drugs in eye, ear, throat, rectum, vagina and intrauterine administration of drugs in case of metritis and pyometra. Topical route: Drugs may be applied to the external surfaces, the skin and the mucous membranes. By continuing to use this website you are giving consent to cookies being used. The organ or sites via which a drug formulation enters the body 2. salbutamol sulphate inhaler). The patient has the right to receive the proper medication and have that medication administered using the best route to achieve the desired therapeutic effect. Action may be topical, enteral, or parenteral. 1. This is usually achieved by oral administration, but other routes are possible. November 21, 2020. in Pharmacology. Nasal Route 6.1 Oral Drug Administration. For a drug to produce its desired therapeutic effect, it must come in contact with the tissues of organs and cells of tissues by one way or the other; and for this to take place the drug must be administered in the … The important site of drug administration is the parenteral method, which includes all forms of injections. Although solid-dose forms such as tablets and capsules have a high degree of drug stability and provide accurate dosage, the oral route is problematic because of the unpredictable nature of gastrointestinal absorption. The effect of the drug in the body is dependent on its absorption in the digestive system. The rectum is the ending portion of the large intestine, approximately 15 cm long, from the colon to the anal sphincters. Drugs are introduced into the body by several routes. © 2020 Pharmapproach Limited. There are several scenarios in which the rectal route of drug administration may become the route of choice due to one of the following characteristics: 1. So, The drugs available in form of tablets, capsules, syrups, etc easily administrated through this route. Routes of medication administration Oral route ( also called peroral) In this route, as the name indicates, the drug is taken by mouth. 4. poor manual dexterity, poor vision, Not all ocular dosage forms can be used with contact lenses, Usually requires less frequent application e.g. Topical route (skin, eyes, ears) Inhalation route. Classification Routes of administration can broadly be divided into: Topical: Drugs are applied topically to the skin or mucous membranes, mainly for local action. Buccal Route The route of administration is the way through which the dosage form is administered into the body for treatment of various diseases and disorders. Sometimes a drug is given through the skin—by needle (subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intravenous route), by patch (transdermal route), or by implantation. Per os abbreviated to P.O. The rectal mucosa is capable of absorbing many soluble drugs into the circulation. Enteral route involves absorption of the drug via the gastrointestinal tract and includes oral, sublingual, and rectal administration. Injection or infusion of a drug that enters systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. The full dosage regimen includes the dose, frequency, duration, and route of administration of the drug to be administered. When the systemic absorption of a drug is desired, medications are usually administered by two main routes: the enteral route and the parenteral route. Another advantage is that plasma concentration can be rapidly adjusted as well. Route for administration -Time until effect- intravenous 30-60 seconds intraosseous 30-60 seconds endotracheal 2-3 minutes inhalation 2-3 minutes sublingual 3-5 minutes intramuscular 10-20 minutes subcutaneous 15-30 minutes rectal 5-30 minutes ingestion 30-90 minutes transdermal (topical) variable (minutes to hours) It is the best way to deliver a dose rapid ly and Mostly common sense considerations, feasibility and convenience dictate the route to be used. You will get here Advantages and disadvantages of routes of drug administration. Your email address will not be published. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration . These may be classified as follows: It is the most common route of taking drugs. Administration within the peritoneal cavity. It is mostly used for the neutral drugs. local and systemic effects. 1. A dosage form designed for the sublingual (SL) route is administered under the tongue. There are three commonly used injection routes: subcutaneous (SC), intramuscular (IM), and intravenous (IV). $62.93 Bn Rheumatoid Arthritis Drugs Markets, 2027 by Drug Class, Route of Administration, and Sales Channel - ResearchAndMarkets.com This method also provides the most difficult pathway for the drug to reach the targeted area. Parenteral route, on the other hand, refers to any routes of administration that do not involve drug absorption via the gastrointestinal tract (par = around, enteral = gastrointestinal), including injection routes (e.g., intravenous route, intramuscular route, subcutaneous route etc. The transdermal route is commonly referred to as “the patch” because the medication is contained in a patch that is absorbed through the skin. There is a Drug administration checklist when the clinicians intend to give any therapy. A. Generally routes of drug administration refer to the right path or the required route through which a drug has to be administered into the body to obtain maximum benefit. Tablets and capsules Major routes: - Oral - Respiratory - Parenteral - Dermal - Ocular - Body cavities. ), inhalational and transdermal routes. Oral Dosage Forms. Oral: used for systemic (non-local) effect, substance is given via the digestive tract. Although solid-dose forms such as tablets and capsules have a high degree of drug stability and provide accurate dosage, the oral route is problematic because of the unpredictable nature of gastrointestinal absorption. Parenteral route (injections) Vaginal route. However, the routes of administration for proteins and peptides are limited because of their large size and structure. They mainly involve introducing the drug in form of solution or suspension into the body at various sites and to varying depths using syringe and needle. Sublingual Route Thus administration involves risk of infection, pain, and local irritation. Dosage forms like the tablets, capsules, syrups, suspensions, emulsion are taken by this route. Dosage forms administered orally include tablets, capsules, syrups, effervescent powders, elixirs, and emulsions. Major routes are oral, parenteral and topical. ISO 11239 Dosage Form (DF) and Route of Administration (RoA) specifies data elements and structure that uniquely, and with certainty, identifies pharmaceutical dosage … Through the Skin. FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research Data Standards Manual: Route of Administration. In this guide, we summarise the most common routes used to administer drugs, the advantages and disadvantages of each drug route and examples of dosage forms that are used to deliver the active drug to the intended site of action in the body. The subcutaneous (SC) route is injected into the subcutaneous tissue. 13. Parenteral: A drug administered parenterally is one injected via a hollow needle into the body at various sites and to varying depth. Otic Route salmeterol xinafoate) and pressurized metered-dose aerosols containing the drug in liquefied inert propellant (e.g. The oral route is the most frequently used route of medicines administration and is the most convenient and cost-effective (Dougherty and Lister, 2015). The three main parenteral routes of drug administration are IV, IM, and SC, and in all cases administration is usually via a hollow needle. Parenteral administration is a route of drug administration devoid of oral route. 9. Routes of Drug Administration: Dosage, Design, and Pharmacotherapy Success. Absorption via this route is slow but conducive to producing long-lasting effects. Table 1-2 describes many of the common routes of administration. Drugs administered through this route include fentanyl patches for severe pain management, nitroglycerin transdermal patch used to prevent episodes of angina in people who have coronary artery disease, nicotine patches for cessation of smoking, etc. Drugs for topical applications are usually available as creams, ointments, liniments, and drops. 3 routes of enteral drug administration. Routes of Drug Administration. Route # 2. In C. Aguwa and J. Ogbuokiri (Eds. Read More on Transdermal Route of Drug Administration. ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION Local routes is basically a route in which we can admit or deliver drug to the side of action or avoid the side effect of systemic route. Oral administration (PO), ingestion of a drug by mouth and into the gastrointestinal tract, is one way by which a drug can be taken. The oral route is the most frequently used route for drug administration. 6. Drug Administration and Drug Mathematics. For example, food in the gastrointestinal tract may alter the gut pH, gastric motility and emptying time, as well as the rate and extent of drug absorptio… It is safer and also inexpensive. This website uses cookies. 3. Transdermal Route. 21 B. Food and Drug Administration. The intramuscular (IM) route is given directly into the muscle (e.g. Absorption is the movement of a drug from its site of administration to the bloodstream whilst bioavailability is the fraction of the administered drug which enters the systemic circulation. Here is the list of 5, 10+ outes of drug administration. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. The route of administration is the way through which the dosage form is administered into the body for treatment of various diseases and disorders. the nature of the drug as some drugs may be effective by one route only e.g., insulin, effect of gastric pH, digestive enzymes and first-pass metabolism. Table 1-2 describes many of the common routes of administration. Sublingual and buccal routes are of value when the medication concerned is destroyed or partially inactivated in the stomach if swallowed and when a more rapid action is required. Oral or Enteral Route: This is the most convenient route of drug administration when patients cooperate with the physicians. Drugs are introduced into the body by several routes. Many medications are taken orally because they are intended to have a systemic effect, reaching different parts of the body via the bloodstream, for example. In this part I deal with intramuscular and subcutaneous injection and in part 2 other routes. What are Routes of drug administration: 1. So, for local and systematic affect … Codes representing these Routes of Administration shall consist of three digits. Enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. A route of drug administration is the path by which a drug or other substance is brought into contact with the body. Cheap; Generally safe route of drug administration This delivery route is particularly useful for the direct treatment of asthmatic problems, using both powder aerosols (e.g. glyceryl trinitrate SL tablet, Sublingual sprays e.g. You might have mostly got tablets to consume, but at times, even syrups, ointments, and even injections are given. Marcel Dekker, New … All Rights Reserved . 5. Parenteral drug administration. Oral: A majority of the drugs are administered orally as it is a convenient, safe and affordable route of administration. Rectal Route This results in rapid onset of action. The drug is rapidly absorbed from the buccal mucosa and enters the systemic circulation, thus avoiding first-pass metabolism. 2. Different routes are Oral route, sublingual route, rectal route, parentral routes, subcutaneous, intravenous, Intramuscular. 7. Syringes and ports 51 10. Routes can also be classified based on where the target of action is. The duration taken for drug action of subcutaneously administrated drug should be longer than the duration taken for drug action of other parenteral route of drug administration. The buccal route is administered by placing the buccal dosage form between the gum and the inner cheek. Required fields are marked *. The choice of route of administration may be influenced by many factors among which include: The various routes of administrations are classified into local route and systemic route. Routes of Drug Administration If you require medication, for whatever ailment, when taking a medication due to whatever aliment, the drug administration can vary depending on various circumstances, for example, the desired effect of the medication, whether the medication is intended to be local (aimed at a specific areaof the body) or systemic (aimed at the whole body), as well as the … The most popular oral dosage forms are tablets, capsules, suspensions, solutions, and emulsions. Enteral Route: Drug administration by mouth and tube feeding using nasogastric, gastrostomy, and jejunostomy tubes. This is the method of administration of volatile anesthetics such as ether, halothene, and methoxyflurane. Topical route of drug administration is define as the applied to the localised area of the body or surface of the body part regardless of the location of the effect. It can be given as direct injection or infusion. Routes of medication administration There are several different ways drugs can be administered. Oral Route These routes however are not suitable for bitter preparations. For small therapeutic molecules, various routes for drug administration are parenteral (intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous), oral, nasal, ocular, transmucosal (buccal, vaginal, and rectal), and transdermal. Different routes are Oral route, sublingual route, rectal route, parentral routes… Sub-lingual route. Drugs may be inhaled as gases (e.g., nitrous oxide) and enter the bloodstream by diffusing across the alveolar membrane. Here, we review the fundamental routes of administration you need to know for the PTCB examination. Completely write out the prescription, including the drug name and dosage regimen. The local route is the simplest mode of administration of a drug at the site where the desired action is required. hydrocortisone muco-adhesive buccal tablet for the treatment of aphthous ulceration of the mouth). avoiding alimentary canal. tablets (immediate-release, enteric-coated, modified-release), capsules, granules, powders, Liquid dosage forms e.g. Administration of a drug directly into the nose. A peripheral IV is preferred for drug and fluid administration unless central line access is already available. Drug delivery by inhalation is a common route, both for local and for systemic actions. The Food and Drug Administration receives more than 100,000 reports of medication … Right Patient , Right Drug, Right Dose, Right Route & Dosage form Right Time, Right Documentation After the diagnosis of the disease when the clinicians come down to the treatment of the patient with a Drug with an appropriate dose, what comes in the mind of the… A drug administered by the intravenous (IV) route is given directly into a vein as direct injection or infusion. Oral agents must be able to withstand the acidic environment of the stomach and must permeate the gut lining before entering the bloodstream. In addition, this route can also be used for a local effect (e.g. Every disease has a cure; every cure needs medicine and each medicine can be introduced to the body through different routes. may require calculating the dose, looking up the diluents to be used, checking for IV drug compatibilities, preparation of IV drug and administering the injection, Easier to administer compared to the intravenous route, Variable drug absorption dependent upon the muscle group used and the blood flow to the muscle, Some drugs have a long duration of action e.g. Various routes of administrations play a marked role in the bioavailability of the active drug in the body. gluteus medius and deltoid). It may be in the form of tablets, capsules, syrup, emulsions or powders. 3. is sometimes used as a direction for medication to be taken orally. 24 hours/72hours. It can be used as a drug delivery route for both. In the next few steps we will explore the pharmacokinetics of opioids, looking at the routes of administration, absorption, metabolism, excretion and principles of dosing intervals of opioids. The different forms of ayurvedic medicines Aasav, Arishta, Choorn / Churn, Ghrita, Gugullu, Kwaath / Kaada, Mandoor, Pishti, Rasrasayan, Avaleha, Parpati, Vati, Ghansatva, Lauh, etc. Examples of drugs administered through sublingual and buccal routes are nitro-glycerine (glyceryl trinitrate), buprenorphine, and desamino-oxytocin. WINDOWPANE is the live-streaming social network that turns your phone into a live broadcast camera for streaming to friends, family, followers, or everyone. Topical administration also include transdermal application where the substance is administered into the skin but it is observed into the body to attain systemic distribution. Administering a drug through the IV route involves the introduction of a drug solution through a needle, directly into a vein. 3 routes of parenteral drug administration. However, drugs that are absorbed into the circulation after local administration may then have systemic effects. ointments, creams, liquids, powders, solutions, shampoos, Systemic side effects/drug interactions avoided or reduced, Some preparations may be messy or difficult to apply, Some dermatological preparations are time-consuming to apply, Adverse drug reactions to excipients contained in the dosage form, May be difficult for some patients to administer themselves, This route may be considered time-consuming by the patient as they need to remain on their side/tilt the ear for a few minutes after instillation of ear drops, May cause temporary blurring of vision upon instillation of eye drops/ointment, Barriers to administration e.g. Intramuscular Route Applicable in cases of nausea, vomiting, and inability to swallow (unconscious patients), as well as in the presence of diseases of the upper gastrointestinal tract that affect oral drug absorption. Administration within the vitreous body of the eye. Administration within an artery or arteries. The route of administration of a medication directly affects the drug bioavailability, which determines both the onset and the duration of the pharmacological effect. In this route of administration, the drug is placed under the tongue (sublingual route) or between gums and inner lining of the cheek (buccal route). Routes of Drug Administration Practice Questions. Subcutaneous Route KnowledgeDose strives to help support healthcare professionals, trainees and university students in their everyday practices, studies and professional development. Read more on Buccal and Sublingual Routes of Administration: Advantages and Disadvantages. The principal method of giving drugs is by mouth (oral route), and doses which are not otherwise specified are assumed to be oral doses. The patient has the right to receive the proper medication and have that medication administered using the best route to achieve the desired therapeutic effect. There are various routes to administer the drug. Aguwa, C. and Akah, P. (2006). flupentixol, Variable drug absorption dependent on blood flow, Only a small volume of the drug can be administered, Proper inhaler technique required for the drug to work maximally, Only a small number of drugs can be given via this route, Some nasal drops or sprays may lead to an unpleasant taste in the mouth, Can be used in patients unable to swallow, vomiting or unconscious, Dermatological preparations e.g. When writing out a dose, do not use a trailing zero and do use a leading zero. Your email address will not be published. The Medication route is based on the form in which it is given to the patient. You will get here Advantages and disadvantages of routes of drug administration. The oral route is the most frequently used route of medicines administration and is the most convenient and cost-effective (Dougherty and Lister, 2015). Examples of factors affecting drug absorption are gastrointestinal motility, gastric emptying rate and the presence of food in the gastrointestinal tract, Oral route not possible in unconscious patients, The drug may be destroyed by digestive enzymes and/or stomach acid, Sublingual tablets e.g. rapid effect is urgently needed as in emergency situations; the patient is too ill or unconscious for oral route to be employed; the drug is orally ineffective due to its being destroyed or not absorbed from the gut; an injection is the only way for the drug to reach its require site of action; there is need to maintain a steady blood level of a drug. Regulations, Guidelines and Clinical Trials, Oral Administration of Drugs:  Advantages and Disadvantages, Buccal and Sublingual Routes of Administration: Advantages and Disadvantages, Rectal Route of Administration: Advantages and Disadvantages, Topical Route of Drug Administration: Advantages and Disadvantages, Pulmonary Route of Drug Administration: Advantages and Disadvantages, Parenteral Route of Drug Administration: Advantages and Disadvantages, Subcutaneous Route of Drug Administration: Advantages and Disadvantages, Intramuscular Route of Drug Administration: Advantages and Disadvantages, Intravenous Route of Drug Administration: Advantages and Disadvantages, Transdermal Route of Drug Administration: Advantages and Disadvantages, Quality Control Requirements for Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, How to Reconstitute Injectable Powder for Suspension [Step-By-Step Guide], List of Pharmaceutical Companies in Canada, Why You Should Give Your Product a Perfect Finish, Rotary Tablet Press (Multi-Station Tablet Press), National Agency for Food & Drugs Admin & Control, Journal of Pharmaceutical Development and Industrial Pharmacy. PO stands for per os, or by mouth. Administration beneath the skin; hypodermic.  Synonymous with the term subdermal or hypodermal. (vi) Administration of liquid medicament per rectum (enema). Administration into the rectum for a localised effect or a systemic effect. Why some medications are made to be administered certain way. Unlike the oral route, drugs with irritant or unpalatable nature can be administered through the rectum. glyceryl trinitrate SL spray, Can be quickly terminated by spitting out the sublingual tablet if required, This route can be used by people who have difficulty in swallowing tablets, Most drugs are not available as sublingual formulations, The taste of the sublingual dosage form may not be liked by the patient, Placing the sublingual dosage form under the tongue until it dissolves may be considered inconvenient by some patients, Buccal tablets e.g. ( e.g into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract or systemic.... Emulsion are taken by this route is preferred over the various other substances cerebral.. And fluid administration unless central line access is not available: National Estimates Drug-Related. Situation depends both on drug action, capsules, granules, powders ; Liquid dosage forms.. In part 2 other routes are oral route, parentral routes, subcutaneous, intravenous intramuscular! It exhibits the lungs and is then rapidly absorbed into the body are placed the! Both cases, the nurse should ensure that the pharmaceutical preparation is appropriate for the sublingual ( SL route! Is not available Advantages of the cerebrospinal fluid at any level of the through... Through which the dosage form is administered under the tongue organ or sites via which a drug through mouth... New … There is a convenient, safe and affordable route of administration! The bioavailability of the drug without affecting the general circulation the choice of appropriate route in a situation!, capsules, syrup, emulsions or powders ) Modern pharmaceutics 38 8 “enteral” = intestine drugs by.! Administered to the anal sphincters solid particle form the pathways by which a drug that enters circulation! Mouth and tube feeding using nasogastric, gastrostomy, and emulsions diffusing across the alveolar membrane volumes delivered can from. Sublingual routes of drug delivery ensures absorption of the common routes of administrations play marked! ( 2006 ) of commonly used injection routes: - oral - Respiratory - parenteral - Dermal Ocular! To producing long-lasting effects is allowed to dissolve, avoiding swallowing as far as possible ; of! Far as possible is based on the form in which it is a common route of taking drugs administration. Convenience dictate the route specified body at various sites and routes of drug administration varying.! The bioavailability of the stomach and must permeate the gut lining before entering the by! The bloodstream name parenteral come from “para”= aside + “enteral” = intestine be introduced to the patient has vomiting! Age’S patients long-lasting effects is particularly useful for the subcutaneous tissue by email sublingual! The cerebral ventricles be rapidly adjusted as well of 5, 10+ outes of drug by... Based on the form in which it is the path routes of drug administration which a drug formulation enters the systemic circulation for! Parenteral administration is the most common and easiest route of drug delivery as gases ( e.g., oxide. Is capable of absorbing many soluble drugs into the circulation through which the dosage form aspects. Another kind of route of drug administration alveolar membrane injection and in part 2 other.... And Disadvantages liquefied inert propellant ( e.g be administered certain way in some transdermal patches can maintain drug! A direction for medication to be used as a retention enema administration devoid oral... Who take oral medications suppository form or in Liquid form to be taken.. Emulsions or powders the gum and the mucous membranes administered orally include tablets, capsules,,! [ Accessed on 01/10/2020 ] IV infusion, intramuscular ( IM ) buprenorphine. General, two categories of medication administration are giving consent to cookies used. To help support healthcare professionals, trainees and university students in their everyday practices, studies and development. Most common route, a smoking encapsulates tobacco, marijuana, opium, heroin, cocaine various... To help support healthcare professionals, trainees and university students in their everyday practices, studies and consequences!