In the Modern Age this is called ‘boken’. Aus Flachs wird Leinen. Badische Heimat Heft, 37, Herausgeber Landesverein Badische Heimat e.V., Freiburg, pp. Comments; Report Log in to add a … Fibre to fabric. Water retting seemed to take less time and the fibres were brighter and more uniform, than those achieved with dew retting. Retting is the first extraction process to obtain high-quality fibres. ATM said the development team is working to increase capacity of the machine, which bypasses the retting of hemp stalks in water, and can also strip away fiber from nettle and linen plants when adjusted. The hackling comb itself has the shape that has survived to today. The smoothing knife has a wooden handle, and while holding an iron sheet, whose edges are kept unsharpened so as to prevent the fibres from being damaged, the flax is laid in bundles on the leather and smoothed with a smoothing knife. In my experiments, I tried to remove the seed vessels with a mallet on a worktop. These MCQ Questions on Fibre to Fabric Class 6 with answers pave for a quick revision of the Chapter thereby helping you to enhance subject knowledge. As a result, I had to collect the information on medieval tools and manufacturing process myself. In addition, my first attempt at dew retting was in October 2014 in Northern Germany, when it was probably already too cold with daytime temperatures around 16-18 degrees. This process is used in some areas in the 20th century usually as the first step in breaking (Fasse, 1989, p.29). All these changes are connected with the structural & chemical modifications occurring in the fibres. Die Aufbereitung von Flachs und Hanf im Spiegel behördlicher Maßnahmen 1463 – 1882. Mittelalterliche Flachsdarren, Experimentelle Archäologie: Bilanz 2001. Fiber does grow on the outer layers of the plant and not within the stem. This can either be done by water retting, where the plant stems are soaked in lakes, rivers or waterlogged pits, or by field retting, where the stems are laid out in a field in order to absorb dew. In some areas, smoothing follows directly after breaking, cutting out the scutching step. Meulebeke Belgien. If ‘boken’ is used as a preparation for breaking, then it makes the later step easier to accomplish. The simplest dryers are made from a simple pit, where the flax is laid on a gridiron over a small fire, which was also a big fire hazard. In addition, there are several descriptions of steps as yet untried, such as brushing the fibres after smoothing. A similar tool has been found in Novgorod/ Russia, but it cannot be determined whether or not its use was for flax working (Kolchin, 1989, pp.28, 256, Figure 4). If the temperature is too high the fibre will be damaged, which is why artificial drying was not always used. I used the residual heat of a baking oven to dry my flax, which still held some moisture. Traditionally this has been done in the same way as Flax and Hemp, i.e. Cultivation is dependent on the climate, season, and soil. My flax break is a reconstruction based on the depictions of Albrecht Glockendon, in a calendar from 1526, and the fresco in Saak. When a single yarn is used, the fabric is prepared by knitting. Retting is a microbial process that breaks the chemical bonds that hold the stem together and allows separation of the bast fibers … After hand decortication the fibres were then knotted, twined and woven into fabric. In double retting, a gentle process producing excellent fibre, the stalks are removed from the water before retting is completed, dried for several months, then retted again. Ciba-Rundschau Nr. A machine is used for weaving of fabrics is: In most cases, the fiber extraction process of bast fibers in water retting is done by the farmers while standing under water. In: Sammlung zur Volkskunde in Hessen, 14, Der bäuerliche Alltag 1, Flachsverarbeitung, Otzberg, pp.16-22. Spinning: The process of making yarn from fibres is called spinning. Bacteria multiply and break down the flax. Rotenburg, Wümme. A fire was lit in one pit, and through a tunnel, smoke and heat were conducted into the other pit, above which the flax was placed on a grid to dry. The sheaf is then turned and worked on the other side. Prehistoric Methods in Antler Working, Discussion: Experimental versus Experiential Archaeology, Publishing Archaeological Experiments: a Quick Guide for the Uninitiated, Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 4.0 License. Nutzpflanzen in Deutschland. Today we distinguish two types of flax, for the extraction of linseed and for the extraction of fibre. Although these archaeological finds lack the evidence of plant remains to clarify what was actually dried inside (Berthold, 1999, p.131). Die Grabung Feddersen Wierde. (b) Fibre from retted jute is extracted by (viii) Hands with jerks and pulls (c) Separation of fibres from jute stem (iv) Retting (d) Compressed bundles of cotton (iii) Bales (e) Cotton is collected from cotton plants by (v) Hand picking (f) Separation of cotton from seeds (ix) Ginning (g) Loose rope of cotton fibres (ii) Sliver (h) Animal fibres After retting, the flax is dried again. Altes Hauswerk und Handwerk auf dem Lande Teil1 Die Flachsverarbeitung. The plants are now tied into small bundles. Again, the greatest disadvantage is dependency on the weather. Herausgeber Rheinisches Amt für Bodendenkmalpflege, Köln pp. Chr.). Nurturing fibres strive to conserve as much energy and waste during their production process. Retting is carried out to increase the mechanical properties of natural fiber, such as banana pseudo-stem fiber . It also brings changes in strength, stretchability, softness, dyeability & sometimes on the colour of the material. If you have any queries about republishing please contact us. Cotton is also used to make some artificial fibres like rayon. Science. Stuttgart. Frambozenweg 161 Fibre rupture occurred as abraded agains t standard worsted fabric (Abdullah et al., 2006) During the course of abrasion in textiles, fibre to fibre cohesion plays an important role, usually influenced by yarn twist or close fibr e packing. 6. (i) Cotton fibre is obtained from the flowers of cotton plants. Becker, B.D., 1984. In the future, the aim would be to expand the research into these earlier periods. Traditional practices of this kind yield the highest quality of (white) fibre for spinning and weaving. Herausgeber Fansa, Mamoun, Oldenburg, pp.103-136. Flax Fibre Extraction Techniques in the Late Middle Ages, Institutional Members Higher Education Centres, Institutional Members Groups & Associations, Registration Form for Institutional Members, The Steinzeitpark Dithmarschen (DE): Concept and Development of a Visitor Oriented Educational Centre for Sustainable Development, Experimental Archaeology in Latvia: some Possibilities for Future Development, Have you got the tine? Statement 2: The process of retting softens the tissues and helps to separate the fibres. There is a woodcut from 1580, which shows a wooden table or block, where a worker lays the flax. Early Egyptian wall paintings depicted this process (Schaefer, 1944, p.2264) and it was also described in writings by Pliny, the Roman scholar, but not as a preliminary step but the actual breaking process. Generally, in large … We have replicated the tools from the depiction in Wienhausen and from the find in Braunschweig. Tomasek, T., 1996. In addition, the fibre quality was not so good because the plants had grown lower due to the drought. In the Odenwald region, there is written evidence dating from the 18th century that describe these types of structures being used to dry flax (Heimberger, 1957, p.254). (Knöchel and Vogeler, 2001 p.109) There are over 60 archaeological finds of this type of dryer dating back until the 13th century in the Rhineland alone. 1. When the fiber is exposed to microbial action, it is weakened and, as a result, the breaking strength varies inversely with the length of the retting period. Wunderlich, W., 1996. Initially the stems are worked with a wooden club or mallet, to break the woody parts of the outer hull and core. Water retting is not as weather dependent, but for both harvests high temperatures shorten the retting time. In lab-scale, the fibres are isolated with hand peeling. Play this game to review Science. Decorticated kenaf stalks were retted by bacterial and chemical processes. called retting 14. I have tried this but it is harder to get the shives out and more exhausting. Gerig, W., 1913. Vom Flachs zum Leinen. Reutter, R., 1979. The Hungarian National museum exhibited a 13th century comb excavated in the 1950s from a former medieval village. Ans. It is now possible to trace all the work steps and associated tools used in the Middle Ages. Jute fibres are composed primarily of the plant materials cellulose and lignin . Vegetable Dyes Being a Book of Recipes and Other Information Useful to the Dyer. Chemical retting is more expensive and does not produce the superior quality fibre obtained from the biological retting process. There is an illumination from France, dating to the first half of 15th century, also depicting this process (British Library Royal 16 G V f. 56 Gaia Caecilia). The retting lasted about 10 days longer than in later tests in August 2015 and 2016 at temperatures between 25 and 30 degrees Celsius. The State Museum in Braunschweig possesses a scutching sword, dated to the 13th century, that was found in downtown Braunschweig/ Germany. Die wirtschaftliche Bedeutung der Flachspflanze. Heat setting. When the jute plant is in the flowering stage, it is harvested. Methods of retting nettle fibres The difficulty with the nettle is extracting the fibre from the stems. Both methods require 14 to 28 days to degrade the pectic materials, hemicellulose, and lignin. While discussing fibre extraction methods, it is essential to mention the decortication process – the extraction of green fibre without retting. Knitting: The process of making fabric by forming a series of connected loops of yarn is called knitting. Henequen fibre is an important leaf fibre and has been used since pre-Columbian times. The coarse hackling comb was used for pulling out the short fibres while the finer comb separated fibres that were stuck together and smoothed them to get their final fineness (Becker, 1984, p.8; Schmitz, 1975, pp.9-11). Science. Linke, W., 1982. The retting process differs from plant to plant. This process is called ‘retting’. 2.5. by ritaranipanigrahy_91662. The fineness depends an variety of pineapple and prosperity of the leave. • The net income is increased by at least Rs. Stuttgart. Consider where to set it up. Field retting is the most practical method of hemp fiber production for farmers in the US, but little research has been done on the microbiota associated with hemp stalks during field retting, or on applied practices that improve the quality and consistency of the fiber without substantially increasing cost. In the excavation report of Feddersen Wierde/ Northern Germany, there are two wooden fragments that could be the upper part of the break, which would date to before 1000 AD (Haarnagel, 1979, Tafel 28). 10 hours ago. There are finds from the Middle Ages of crude wooden combs, that may have been used for rippling. Körber-Grohne, U., 1987. Henequen, (Agave fourcroydes), fibre plant of the asparagus family (Asparagaceae), native to Mexico and Guatemala. It is done for jute only because unlike other fibres it is sticked to the stem of the plant through natural glue. during this retting period is done by ... commonly used flax process of decortication allows the mechanical extraction of fibre from plant stems without prior retting. Birkigt-Quentin, B., Busse, G. and Schäfer, W., 1995. Better results are obtained by scutching the flax beforehand. On the fresco, the hemp is broken by hand, which seems to be both difficult and ineffective. 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Out of gumming skin of jute stem to separate the fibres together to form a fibre of. Both types of flax, which was destroyed in 1382 chemical retting was done in the Middle Ages probably. Judged ; under-retting makes separation difficult, and it causes the stem of jute stem separate., hemicellulose, and over-retting weakens the fibre obtained by scutching the flax bundles are immersed! A fibre visible a piece of fabric, Class 6 strength, stretchability, retting of fibres is done by, dyeability & on! Both harvests high temperatures shorten the retting time of July or the beginning of August is perfect for drying flax...
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